U/L Ground School

This material is intended to be used in the classroom during my ground school seminars. Although for those who are willing to put additional study in to the material it can and will assist you in gaining the knowledge to pass the pilot and BFI tests.

U/L Ground School
?? Regulations
- Preflight Procedures
- Aerodynamics/Performance
- Weather
- Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Emergency procedures
- Written Examination Review

Regulations
- FAR 103
- FAR 61
- FAR 91
- Exemption #6080
- Airspace
- Right of Way
- Airport Operations/Patterns

Regulations
- FAR 103
- Un-powered 155 lbs..
- Powered 254 lbs.
- 5 gal fuel
- 55 knots full power level flight
- Power off stall no more than 24 knots
- Used or intended to be used by single occupant

- Review of FAR

- 30 min before SR and after SS with Strobe visible for 3 statute miles in uncontrolled airspace

Regulations
- FAR 61 parts
- .87 Solo flight
- .93 Cross Country
- .107 Flight Proficiency
- .105 Aeronautical Knowledge

Regulations
- FAR 91
- General Operation and Flight Rules

Regulations
- Exemption #6080
- 496 lbs.
- 10 gal fuel
- 75 knots full power level flight
- Power off stall no more than 35 knots
- Marked with ?O BE USED FOR INSTRUCTION ONLY??br>
- Must be inspected annually or every 100 hour of flight whichever is less
- Training hours must be reported every 6 months
- Agree to report all accidents
- Flight authorized for Training, Proficiency, ferrying to training and maintenance.
- You sign a contract to adhere to above

Regulations
- Airspace
- Class A - Positive Control Area (PCA), 18,000 MSL and above
- Class B - Terminal Control Area (TCA), Example Chicago O?are
- Class C - Airport Radar Service Area (ARSA) Example Indy
- Class D - Airports with Control tower other then Class B/C
- Class E - General Controlled Airspace
- Class G - Uncontrolled Airspace

- Cruising Altitude VFR
- Above 3000??AGL and under 18,000??MSL
- Even thousand + 500 for heading of 180-359
- Even thousand - 500 for heading of 0 - 179

Regulations
- Right of Way
- U/Ls MUST YELD THE RIGHT-OF-WAY TO ALL AIRCRAFT (FAR 103.13)
- General
- Operation of formation flight is authorized only with prior agreement between the PIC of each aircraft.

Regulations
- Airport Operations/Patterns
- Left hand Pattern
- 500 AGL and inside

Preflight Procedures
- Planning
- Rigging and assembly
- Inspection
- Pre-start Procedures
- Taxi and Ground Operations

Preflight Procedures
- Planning
- Have a routine and follow it each and every time
- Ensure you have enough fuel and oil and properly mixed
- Always plan for EXTRA (fuel, oil, batteries, etc.)
- Ensure you have the proper clothes (remember it gets colder the higher you go)
- Allow for extra time if things change. (weather, winds, air traffic)
- Always ensure you are up to the task!
- NEVER TAKE UNDUE RISK

Preflight Procedures
- Rigging and assembly
- Double check to ensure the aircraft is properly assembled and rigged IAW the manual.
- Safety Pins
- Lock Nuts
- Cables properly installed an free
- etc.
- Remember just one nut, bolt, safety pin could be a matter of a good flight or YOUR LAST FLIGHT!

Preflight Procedures
- Inspection
- The PIC is responsible to ensure the aircraft is in a condition for safe flight.
- The PIC should as a minimum do a walk around inspection of the aircraft.

Preflight Procedures
- Pre-start Procedures
- Ensure the area is clear of persons and things
- ?LEAR PROP??br>
- Follow Starting procedures for your specific aircraft and engine

Preflight Procedures
- Taxi and Ground Operations
- w/ Radio let others know your intentions
- Maintain a speed to allow a safe stop if required
- Taxiing in Wind
- Head wind = Neutral Elevator and up aileron toward wind
- Tail wind = Down Elevator and Down aileron toward wind
- System Run-Up
- Check power, gauges
- Check Mags
- Set altimeter

Aerodynamics/Performance

- Theories of aerodynamics
- Airfoils and lift
- Control functions and axis of control
- Aerodynamic forces
- Stalls/Spins

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Critical Speeds
- Density Altitude Effects
- Carb Icing
- Weight and Balance

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Theories of aerodynamics
- Bernoulli? principle -Pressure decreases as velocity increases.
- This is reflected by the air moving on the upper surface of the wing traveling a farther distance causing less pressure and thus causing lift.

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Airfoils and lift
- An airfoil is a specially shaped surface designed to produce lift as air flow over it.
- Chord line - a line that passes through an airfoil from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
- Relative Wind - The direction from which the wind is moving when it reaches the airfoil.
- Angle of Attack - the Angle between the Chord Line and the Relative Wind.

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Control functions and axis of control
- Pitch (Lateral Axis)
- Elevator - Control Stick
- Control Bar - push/pull
- Roll (Longitudinal Axis)
- Aileron - Control Stick
- Control Bar - Right/left
- Yaw (Vertical Axis)
- Rudder - Rudder Peddles

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Aerodynamic forces
- Lift
- Weight
- Thrust
- Drag
- Straight and Level flight is when
- Lift = Weight
- Thrust = Drag
- Drag
- Induced - Drag that is caused by the production of lift < w/airspeed
- Parasite - Drag caused by friction air over the craft not related to lift > w/airspeed
- Turns Increase the load factors on the aircraft.
- Wake Turbulence

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Stalls/Spins
- Stall is when the Critical Angel of attack is exceeded.
- When one wing stalls and the other maintains lift. Caused by a stall during uncoordinated flight.

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Critical Speeds
- Vne = Never Exceed Speed
- Vy = Best Rate of climb - Best climb over Time
- Vx = Best Angle of climb - Best climb over Distance
- Vstall = Speed at which the Critical Angle of Attach is exceeded
- Va = Designed Maneuvering Speed

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Density Altitude Effects
- The altitude in standard air where the density is the same as that of the existing air.
- 3 Highs
- Pressure
- Moisture content
- Temperature
- Major changes in Altitude require the fuel mixture to be changed (Lean/Rich)

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Carb Icing
- The vaporization of fuel, combined with the decreasing air pressure as it flows through the carb, causes a sudden cooling of the mixture.
- Days of high moisture and a temperature between 20 - 70 Deg F.
- Commonly associated with reduction of power
- Indications of Carb Icing is a loss of RPM
- Roughness in engine operations
- When conditions exist add power for short Burts during idle down.

Aerodynamics/Performance
- Weight and Balance
- It is important that the maximum allowable gross weight is not exceeded and the center of gravity is within the allowable limits.
- Excessive weight reduces flight performance of the plane by:

Weather
- Standard conditions
- Fog and restrictions to visibility
- Lapse rate
- Dew point
- Stability characteristics
- Air masses and fronts
- Pressure and air circulation

Weather
- Wind Shear
- Hazardous weather

Weather
- Standard conditions
- The Earth? Atmospheres
- Troposphere - From the surface up to 20K??at the poles and 65K??at the equator
- Stratosphere - layer above Troposphere
- Mesosphere is the next higher atmosphere
- Thermosphere the outer atmosphere
- Are Based upon Sea level at 59 Deg. F

Weather
- Fog and restrictions to visibility
- Fog is formed as the temperature and the Dew point converge.

Weather
- Lapse rate
- Temperature of the air in the troposphere decreases with altitude at a rate of :
- Average = 2 deg C per 1,000 feet.
- Dry = unsaturated air is 3 deg C per 1,000 feet.
- Moist < dry dependent upon dew point

Weather
- Dew point
- The temperature to which the air must cool to become saturated by the water vapor that is already present in the air.
- Dew point spread is reported by the temperature in deg before the dew point (66-62)
- As the temperature and dew point converge, fog and rain are likely.

Weather
- Stability characteristics
- Clouds (High)
- Cirrus
- Cirrocumulus
- Cirrostratus
- Clouds (Middle)
- Altocumulus
- Altostratus
- Clouds (Low)
- Stratus
- Stratocumulus
- Cumulus

Weather
- Air masses and fronts
- Air masses - When a body of air comes to rest or moves slowly over an extensive area having uniform properties of temperature and moisture, the air takes on the same properties.
- Fronts - As air masses move out of their source regions, they come in contact with other air masses with different characteristics. The zone between two different air masses is a frontal zone or ?ront.?? Across this zone, temperature , humidity, and wind often change rapidly over short distances.
- Types
- Cold Front is the leading edge of a cold air mass.
- Warm Front is the leading edge of a mass of warm air.

Weather
- Pressure
- High pressure pusses the air toward the lower pressure
- The tighter the Isobars are on the weather map the stronger the wind moving parallel the isobars
- Air circulation
- High Pressure has a clock-wise rotation
- Low Pressure has a counter clock-wise rotation

Weather
- Wind Shear
- Caused by two air masses moving past each other. As the air masses rub together, a shear zone or turbulent mixing area is formed.
- Sudden shifts in direction and strengths of winds make this EXTREMELY DANGEROUS.

Weather
- Hazardous weather
- Thunderstorms - Towering Cumulus
- Stages
- Cumulus Stage (early)
- Mature Stage (fully developed)
- Dissipation Stage

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Types of Navigation
- Cross country flight planning
- Airport operations
- Communications
- Wind Indicators
- Charts and maps
- Magnetic compass

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Types of Navigation
- Pilotage - Navigation by known landmarks and landmarks depicted on the sectional chart
- Dead reckoning - based on computations involving course, wind direction and speed, airspeed, heading, ground speed, and time enroute.
- VOR navigation - setting the COMNAV radio to track to or from a VOR site or group of sites (if equipped)
- GPS - Following the route as depicted on the GPS to the waypoint identified.
- Pilotage and Dead reckoning are a must for any pilot to know and practice

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Cross country flight planning
- PLANNING, PLANNING, PLANNING
- Route
- Weather Briefing 1-800-WX-BRIEF
- Distance
- Fuel required
- Alternates
- SAMPLE

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Airport operations
- When approaching an airport w/o an operating control tower look for the Segmented Circle to select the runway and determine the pattern direction.
- Left hand pattern unless otherwise noted
- U/L pattern should be 500 feet below and inside the standard pattern established for the airport.
- U/Ls MUST YELD THE RIGHT-OF-WAY TO ALL AIRCRAFT (FAR 103.13)

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Communications
- It is not required for U/Ls to have Radios for communications, JUST recommended.

- Emergency Freq. is 121.5

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Wind Indicators
- Windsock
- Landing ???
- Tetrahedron

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Charts and maps
- You should have a Current sectional chart
- Know how to read sectional chart
- A wealth of information
- Frequencies
- Airports
- Altitudes
- Hazards
- AND MUCH MORE

Navigation and Cross Country Flight
- Magnetic compass
- Magnetic Variation
- Magnetic Deviation

Emergency procedures
- Engine failures
- System Failures
- Communications
- Light Signals
- Lost Procedures
- Equipment Malfunctions

Emergency procedures
- Engine failures
- FLY THE PLANE
- Always remember you must give up altitude to maintain airspeed (get the nose down)
- Always maintain a safe altitude to allow if the engine fails an emergency landing can be made w/o hazard to persons or property on the ground
Emergency procedures
- System Failures

Emergency procedures
- Communications
- Radio on the airport Freq. if in the pattern or near airport that has someone monitoring the Freq.
- Otherwise use Freq 121.5
- Identify the problem and current location

Emergency procedures
- Light Signals

Emergency procedures
- Lost Procedures
- To avoid getting lost ?lan Ahead??Always know where you are!
- Maintain a constant heading
- Don? Panic!
- Look for familiar landmarks
- Check Sectional for ground references
- If equipped with NAV/COM triangulate location or Fix on the airport VOR
- Climb to a higher altitude for better coverage for ground references.

Emergency procedures
- Equipment Malfunctions
- if an engine overheats reduce power and increase the airspeed to assist in cooling